Every Prayer in Acts: Who Prayed, Why, and What Happened Next

The Book of Acts does not treat prayer as background music. Prayer scenes sit at turning points: leadership decisions, Spirit empowerment, persecution, healing, mission sending, imprisonment, and household conversion. This study inventories the major prayer scenes in Acts and codes each one by who prayed, the occasion, the content type, and the immediate narrative outcome, so readers can see cause-and-effect patterns for themselves.

Many Bible readers remember Pentecost, Peter’s jailbreak, and Paul’s Macedonian call. Fewer readers ever ask a research question that sounds almost scientific: When Acts shows people praying, what usually happens next? Who initiates prayer? Is the content praise, petition, commissioning, or lament? Does prayer precede breakthrough, accompany crisis, or interpret events after the fact?

This article answers those questions with a transparent coding method applied to the major explicit prayer scenes in Acts. The goal is not to invent a mechanical prayer formula. The goal is to observe what Luke already shows when the prayer narratives are lined up side by side.

Important: Acts contains both explicit prayer scenes and summary statements (“they devoted themselves to prayer”). This study prioritizes narrated prayer events with identifiable actors and outcomes, while noting major summaries. Counts vary among teachers depending on whether summaries, blessings, and “calling on the name of the Lord” are included as full prayer scenes.

Why Prayer-Scene Analysis Matters in Acts

A scene inventory does three useful things for ordinary Bible students.

First, it slows the reader down. Instead of skimming “and when they had prayed” as a pious transition, you ask: Who is in the room? What pressure created the prayer? What did they ask or say? What changes in the next paragraph?

Second, it protects against selective memory. Many people remember miraculous jail openings and assume every prayer in Acts produces spectacle. The data shows otherwise. Some prayers produce guidance. Some produce endurance. Some produce mission appointments. Some produce quiet faithfulness inside unresolved suffering.

Third, it creates a bridge between study and practice. If Scripture repeatedly shows the church praying before major decisions, that does not reduce prayer to a lucky charm. It does show that Luke presents prayer as a normal instrument of communal discernment and dependence.

In other words, prayer-scene study is a way of reading carefully without flattening mystery.

References:

  • Acts 1:14; 2:42 — devotion to prayer as community habit
  • Luke 1:1–4 — Luke’s orderly account method (same authorial tradition as Acts)
  • Acts 6:4 — apostolic priority of prayer and the word

Method: How This Study Codes Each Prayer Scene

Before listing the scenes, the coding rules need to be clear. A pattern claim is only as honest as its categories.

Category 1: Who prayed

  • The gathered disciples / church — corporate prayer
  • Apostles — Peter, John, the Twelve, or apostolic team
  • Named leaders — e.g., Stephen, Ananias, elders at Antioch
  • Paul and companions — missionary team prayer
  • Seekers / new believers / households — Cornelius, Lydia’s context, etc.
  • Mixed — more than one actor group is essential

Category 2: Occasion

  • Waiting / transition
  • Persecution / threat
  • Leadership / appointment
  • Healing / restorative need
  • Mission guidance / sending
  • Imprisonment / crisis
  • Worship / farewell / ordinary devotion
  • Conversion threshold

Category 3: Content type

  • Petition — asking for help, healing, boldness, guidance
  • Praise / thanksgiving
  • Discernment / lot-casting context
  • Commissioning / laying on of hands
  • Intercession for another
  • Confession / repentance language (rare as full scene)
  • Mixed

Category 4: Immediate narrative outcome

  • Guidance / decision reached
  • Spirit empowerment / bold speech
  • Miraculous deliverance
  • Healing / restoration
  • Mission advance / new field
  • Comfort / perseverance
  • Judgment / confrontation aftermath
  • Conversion / household faith

Example 1: Simple coding

Scenario: The believers pray for boldness after threats (Acts 4:23–31).

Who: Gathered church Occasion: Persecution / threat Content: Petition + praise (Psalm-shaped) Immediate outcome: Place shaken; filled with Spirit; speak word boldly Pattern: Threat → corporate prayer → emboldened witness

This scene shows prayer as courage formation, not escape from mission.

Example 2: More complex coding

Scenario: Cornelius prays and sees a vision; Peter prays and sees a vision; the household believes (Acts 10).

Who: Seeker (Cornelius) + apostle (Peter) — Mixed Occasion: Conversion threshold / mission guidance Content: Habitual prayer + noontime prayer; divine initiative interrupts Immediate outcome: Gentile inclusion breakthrough Pattern: Parallel prayer lives prepare a barrier-crossing meeting

Here prayer is not a single sentence request. It is a relational readiness on two sides of a cultural wall.

References:

  • Acts 4:23–31 — prayer for boldness
  • Acts 10:1–48 — Cornelius and Peter

Inventory of Major Prayer Scenes in Acts

The table below is the working dataset. It focuses on major narrated scenes. Summary notices are marked where relevant.

#SceneWhoOccasionContent typeImmediate outcomeKey text
1Upper room devotion while awaiting the promiseDisciples, women, Jesus’ brothersWaiting / transitionCorporate devotion / petition contextPrepared community for PentecostActs 1:12–14
2Prayer before replacing JudasAbout 120 believers; Peter leadsLeadership / appointmentDiscernment petitionMatthias chosenActs 1:15–26
3Ongoing prayer with teaching and fellowshipEarly churchOrdinary devotionDevotion summaryCommunity life; awe; growth contextActs 2:42–47
4Temple prayer habit (ninth hour)Peter and JohnOrdinary devotionHabitual prayerLeads into lame man healing encounterActs 3:1–10
5Prayer for boldness after releaseGathered believersPersecution / threatPraise + petitionSpirit-filled bold speechActs 4:23–31
6Apostles’ prioritization of prayer and wordTwelveLeadership / appointmentMinistry reorderingSeven chosen; word multipliesActs 6:1–7
7Stephen’s dying prayerStephenPersecution / martyrdomPetition (reception + forgiveness)Faithful death; Saul presentActs 7:54–60
8Peter and John pray for SamaritansApostlesMission / inclusionIntercession + handsSpirit receivedActs 8:14–17
9Simon’s request after wrong desireSimon (prompted)Confrontation aftermathPetition for mercyWarning stands; outcome open-endedActs 8:18–24
10Saul praying after the Damascus lightSaulConversion thresholdPrayer / waitingAnanias sent; sight restored; calling confirmedActs 9:1–19
11Peter prays; Tabitha raisedPeterHealing / restorative needPetitionRestoration to life; many believeActs 9:36–42
12Cornelius’ continual prayers and almsCorneliusConversion thresholdHabitual prayerVision; gospel invitation set in motionActs 10:1–8
13Peter’s housetop prayerPeterMission guidanceHabitual prayer interrupted by visionClean/unclean barrier challengedActs 10:9–23
14Church prays while Peter is imprisonedChurchImprisonment / crisisEarnest petitionAngelic release; astonished gatheringActs 12:1–17
15Antioch leaders worship and fastProphets and teachersMission sendingWorship / commissioning contextBarnabas and Saul set apartActs 13:1–3
16Paul and Barnabas appoint elders with prayer/fastingMissionariesLeadership / appointmentCommissioningChurches entrusted to the LordActs 14:23
17Philippi prayer place by the riverPaul’s team; women gatheredMission / conversion thresholdSabbath prayer customLydia believes; household baptizedActs 16:13–15
18Prayer then exorcism of the slave girlPaul’s team contextMission confrontationAnnoyance leading to command (prayer place backdrop)Deliverance; economic backlashActs 16:16–24
19Prayer and hymns in Philippian jailPaul and SilasImprisonment / crisisPraise + prayerEarthquake; jailer’s conversionActs 16:25–34
20Paul prays with Ephesian eldersPaul and eldersFarewell / pastoral chargeMixed (charge + kneeling prayer)Tearful send-off; perseverance themeActs 20:36–38
21Tyre disciples urge Paul through the Spirit; kneel on beachDisciples and familiesFarewell / warningCorporate kneeling prayerJourney continues; affectionate partingActs 21:4–6
22Paul prays for Publius’ father and othersPaulHealing / restorative needPetition + handsHealing; hospitality and honorActs 28:7–10

Study finding: Prayer in Acts clusters around transitions: waiting for promise, choosing leaders, crossing cultures, enduring prisons, and releasing mission. It is rarely ornamental.

Additional summary notes (not always full scenes): believers gather to pray in homes; Paul kneels with communities; the church continues in prayer as identity, not only as emergency response (Acts 2:42; 12:12; 16:25).

Cause-and-Effect Findings by Cluster

Cluster A: Waiting and leadership

Before Pentecost and before replacing Judas, prayer accompanies transition. The church does not invent its future by technique alone. It waits, asks, and then acts. Outcome pattern: guidance and preparedness more than spectacle in Acts 1; Spirit power follows in Acts 2 as fulfillment of promise rather than as a magic trick triggered by one sentence.

Cluster B: Persecution and boldness

After threats, the church prays not primarily for safety but for boldness and for God’s hand to heal and stretch forth. Outcome: emboldened speech. Stephen’s prayer under stones asks for reception and forgiveness. Outcome: faithful witness unto death, with narrative seeds toward Saul’s later story. Prayer under persecution produces courage and Christlike character as often as it produces escape.

Cluster C: Mission guidance and sending

Antioch’s worshiping leaders hear the Spirit set apart Barnabas and Saul. Prayer and fasting surround appointment. Later, elders are appointed with prayer and fasting. Outcome pattern: mission structures are born in dependence, not only in strategy meetings.

Cluster D: Imprisonment and deliverance

Two famous prison prayers differ. In Acts 12, the church prays earnestly for Peter; an angel releases him. In Acts 16, Paul and Silas pray and sing; an earthquake opens doors, and the jailer’s household is saved. Shared pattern: confinement becomes a stage for God’s action. Distinct detail: one emphasizes corporate intercession, the other imprisoned praise.

Cluster E: Conversion thresholds

Saul praying blind in Damascus, Cornelius praying as a devout Gentile, and the riverside prayer place in Philippi all sit on the edge of major inclusion moments. Prayer does not replace proclamation, but Luke repeatedly shows prayer as the doorway environment where barriers fall.

Example 1: Cause-effect in Acts 4

Scenario: Authorities threaten the apostles. The church quotes Scripture, acknowledges sovereignty, and asks for boldness.

Cause pressure: Threats against witness Prayer content: Sovereignty + boldness + hand for healing Effect: Shaken place; Spirit fullness; continued speech Not requested as primary aim: Quiet retirement from mission

The cause-effect link is courage for witness, aligned with the petition.

Example 2: Cause-effect in Acts 12

Scenario: James has been killed. Peter is imprisoned. The church prays earnestly.

Cause pressure: Lethal persecution Prayer content: Earnest petition (specific words not fully quoted) Effect: Angelic rescue; Rhoda scene; Peter reports and departs Complexity: Earnest prayer coexists with astonished unbelief at the door

Luke allows both miracle and human surprise. Prayer is powerful and the pray-ers are still learning.

References:

  • Acts 1–2; 4; 6; 12; 13; 16 — major prayer-effect sequences
  • Acts 7:54–60 — martyr prayer
  • Acts 10 — parallel prayer and vision narrative

Who Prays Most Often—and Why That Matters

Corporate church prayer appears at strategic hinges: waiting, threatened witness, Peter’s imprisonment, send-offs. Apostolic and missionary prayer appears in healing, appointment, and frontier settings. Individual seeker prayer appears at conversion thresholds. The distribution matters because Acts refuses to confine prayer to professionals. Leaders pray. Households pray. Threatened congregations pray. Newcomers like Cornelius already pray before they understand the full gospel.

Actor typeTypical occasionsTypical outcomes in Acts
Gathered churchThreat, crisis, waiting, farewellBoldness, deliverance, unity, affection
Apostles / missionariesHealing, appointment, guidanceRestoration, Spirit, new leaders, new fields
Named individualsMartyrdom, conversion, housetop visionFaithful death, calling, barrier-breaking revelation
Seekers / devout outsidersHabitual prayer before full gospel clarityInvitation into Christ-centered inclusion

Study finding: In Acts, prayer is both leadership fuel and congregational reflex. The book’s mission advance is narrated as prayer-soaked, not prayer-optional.

Content Types and What They Tend to Produce

Petition under threat often yields boldness or deliverance. Commissioning prayer yields sent people and entrusted churches. Habitual prayer becomes the setting where guidance breaks in. Praise in prison becomes the setting where salvation reaches enemies and bystanders. Healing petition yields restoration and evangelistic impact.

Luke does not teach that every prayer content type has one guaranteed product. He does show recognizable narrative habits. Readers can notice tendencies without inventing laws God never signed.

Example 1: Commissioning content

Scenario: Antioch ministers worship and fast; the Spirit speaks; hands are laid on Barnabas and Saul (Acts 13:1–3).

Content type: Worship + fasting + commissioning prayer Immediate outcome: First missionary journey launched Longer narrative effect: Gospel expands through Cyprus and Asia Minor

Example 2: Healing content

Scenario: On Malta, Paul prays and lays hands on Publius’ father (Acts 28:8).

Content type: Petition + touch Immediate outcome: Healing Follow-on: Others on the island come and are cured; hospitality and provision

A Walkthrough Method You Can Use on Any Acts Prayer Text

Use five questions on every prayer scene:

  1. Who is praying, and who is being prayed for?
  2. What pressure or opportunity created the moment?
  3. What content type dominates: praise, petition, commissioning, or mixed?
  4. What happens in the next verses? Name the outcome without exaggeration.
  5. Does the outcome match the petition, exceed it, redirect it, or delay it?

Example 1: Applying the method to Acts 1:24–26

Scenario: The believers ask the Lord to show which apostle candidate He has chosen.

1. Who: Gathered believers 2. Pressure: Leadership gap after Judas 3. Content: Discernment petition 4. Next: Lots cast; Matthias numbered with the eleven 5. Match: Guidance decision reached as asked

Example 2: Applying the method to Acts 16:25–34

Scenario: Paul and Silas pray and sing in stocks.

1. Who: Imprisoned missionaries 2. Pressure: Beating and jail 3. Content: Prayer + praise 4. Next: Earthquake, open doors, jailer conversion, household baptism 5. Match/exceed: Not only personal relief; salvation of the jailer’s household

Result: Outcome exceeds mere escape and becomes mission.

Outcome Frequency Patterns in the Inventory

Once scenes are coded, outcome tendencies become visible. The counts below are approximate tallies from the major-scene inventory and are meant for pattern reading, not statistical absolutism. Some scenes produce more than one outcome and may be double-counted by effect.

Immediate outcome typeApprox. scene weightRepresentative textsWhat the pattern suggests
Mission advance / inclusionHighActs 10; 13:1–3; 16:13–15, 25–34Prayer often precedes new fields and new peoples
Guidance / appointmentMedium–HighActs 1:24–26; 6:1–7; 13:1–3; 14:23Leadership transitions are prayer-soaked
Bold speech / Spirit empowermentMediumActs 4:23–31; Pentecost context after 1:14Threatened witness seeks courage, not only safety
Deliverance from prison/crisisMediumActs 12; 16Spectacular rescue appears, but not as the only model
Healing / restorationMediumActs 9:36–42; 28:7–10Petition and hands accompany bodily mercy
Faithful endurance / martyr witnessLower count, high weightActs 7:54–60Prayer can sanctify death as well as open doors
Comfort / affectionate perseveranceMediumActs 20:36–38; 21:5–6Not every outcome is miraculous spectacle

Study finding: If a church only remembers prison earthquakes, it misreads Acts. Guidance, boldness, inclusion, healing, farewell perseverance, and martyr faithfulness all appear as prayer outcomes.

Matched, exceeded, and unresolved petitions

Another useful code is petition-result fit.

  • Matched: The church asks for boldness and speaks boldly (Acts 4). The believers ask for guidance and receive an appointment decision (Acts 1).
  • Exceeded: Paul and Silas pray in jail; God not only opens doors but saves a household (Acts 16). Cornelius’ habitual prayer becomes the threshold of Gentile Pentecost-scale inclusion (Acts 10).
  • Complex / unresolved in scene: Simon asks for prayer after corrupt desire; the narrative leaves his final state open while preserving the warning (Acts 8). Stephen’s forgiveness prayer does not stop the stones, yet it reveals Christlike witness and seeds later storylines.

Example 1: Matched petition

Scenario: Acts 4:29–31.

Ask: Enable your servants to speak the word with all boldness Next narrative beat: They spoke the word of God with boldness Fit: Matched Teaching value: Prayer aims aligned with mission receive narrative confirmation

Example 2: Complex petition

Scenario: Acts 12 church prayer for Peter.

Ask: Earnest prayer for imprisoned Peter Result: Peter freed Complexity: Pray-ers are astonished when he arrives Fit: Matched outcome + imperfect human expectation Teaching value: God can answer beyond the pray-ers’ emotional readiness

References:

  • Acts 1; 4; 7; 8; 10; 12; 13; 16; 20; 28 — outcome sampling set

Geographic and Phase Distribution

Prayer scenes are not evenly sprinkled as decoration. They intensify at phase changes in Luke’s mission map.

Acts phasePrayer concentrationTypical function
Jerusalem beginnings (chs. 1–7)Waiting, leadership, boldness, martyrdomBirth and testing of the community
Judea/Samaria expansion (chs. 8–12)Inclusion prayer, healing, prison crisisBarrier crossing and persecution pressure
Gentile mission (chs. 13–20)Sending, riverside prayer, jail praise, elder farewellMission launch and pastoral care
Journey to Rome (chs. 21–28)Beach prayer, later healing on MaltaAffectionate send-offs and mercy in transit

This distribution supports a literary claim: Luke uses prayer to mark the church’s dependence at each enlargement of the mission. When the story enters a new risk or a new people group, prayer language tends to rise.

Example 1: Phase hinge at Antioch

Scenario: Acts 13:1–3 sits at the launch of intentional Gentile mission travel.

Phase: From local multi-ethnic leadership to sent mission Prayer mode: Worship, fasting, commissioning Outcome: Barnabas and Saul released to the work Pattern: New mission chapter begins on their knees

Example 2: Phase hinge at Philippi

Scenario: Acts 16 moves the team into Macedonia.

Prayer place by the river → Lydia’s household Prison prayer and hymns → jailer’s household Pattern: Prayer environments host Europe’s early conversion scenes in Luke’s narrative

What Acts Does Not Treat as a Prayer Formula

Honest pattern study also names non-patterns. Acts does not teach that longer prayers guarantee faster miracles. It does not teach that only apostles’ prayers matter. It does not teach that persecution always ends in rescue. It does not teach that prayer replaces Scripture preaching, obedience, or suffering. The cause-effect links are covenantal and narrative, not mechanical.

Teachers should especially avoid turning Acts 12 or Acts 16 into universal guarantees. Those scenes are true and central. They are not the only prayer outcomes in the book. A faithful reading keeps Stephen beside Peter, farewell tears beside earthquakes, and quiet riverside conversations beside shaken rooms.

Important: If a sermon series on prayer in Acts only features deliverance stories, it has edited Luke. Include guidance, boldness, inclusion, healing, and martyr faithfulness for a complete dossier.

Common Questions About Prayer in Acts

Does Acts teach that prayer always opens prison doors? No. James is killed in Acts 12 even as Peter is rescued. The same chapter refuses a simplistic formula. Prayer is central; outcomes remain under God’s sovereignty.

Are summary statements less important than scenes? No. Summaries show prayer as culture, not only crisis response. Scenes show prayer at narrative hinges. Both matter.

Is every kneeling moment a full prayer scene? Kneeling usually signals prayer, but coding should note whether Luke reports content, occasion, and outcome or only a farewell gesture.

How should churches teach this without becoming speculative? Stay close to the text. Prefer coding a reader can verify. Admit uncertain cases. Avoid promising that copying an Acts posture guarantees an Acts miracle.

What about silent gaps where no prayer is mentioned? Luke is selective. Absence of a prayer notice is not proof that nobody prayed. Pattern study works from what is written, not from speculation about what is omitted.

Important: Cause-and-effect language in narrative study means “what the story places next,” not “what humans can automatically control.” Acts is theology through story, not a lab manual.

Implications for Faithful Bible Reading Today

A correlative reading of Acts prayer scenes yields practical conclusions without reducing Scripture to a spreadsheet.

First, pray before major transitions. Leadership choices, mission sending, and cultural crossings in Acts are soaked in dependence.

Second, pray for boldness, not only comfort. The Acts 4 pattern remains bracing for threatened churches.

Third, keep prayer corporate. Many hinge moments are communal, not heroic solos.

Fourth, expect prayer to serve mission. In Acts, answered prayer repeatedly advances witness, inclusion, and care for bodies and souls.

Fifth, hold deliverance and martyrdom together. Any theology of prayer that cannot read Acts 7 and Acts 12 in the same Bible will eventually mislead sufferers.

Extended Case Studies: Three Prayer Chains

Some of the richest findings appear only when adjacent prayer scenes are read as chains rather than isolated pearls.

Case study 1: From upper room to boldness (Acts 1–4)

The church prays while waiting for the promise, seeks guidance for apostolic replacement, continues in prayer as a devoted habit, and later prays for boldness under threat. Outcomes move from preparedness to Spirit empowerment to courageous speech. The chain teaches that crisis prayer in Acts 4 rests on a prior culture of prayer in Acts 1–2. Boldness petitions are not a sudden religious invention; they are the reflex of a community already formed by waiting and devotion.

Acts 1:14 waiting prayer Acts 1:24 discernment prayer Acts 2:42 devotion summary Acts 3:1 temple prayer habit Acts 4:24–31 boldness prayer Chain effect: Habit → hinge → courage

Case study 2: Parallel prayers and Gentile inclusion (Acts 10)

Cornelius’ continual prayers and alms rise as memorial before God. Peter’s housetop prayer becomes the setting for a vision that overturns purity assumptions. The gospel then enters a Gentile household with Spirit confirmation. Neither man scripts the whole outcome. Prayer readiness on both sides of the barrier becomes the human environment for divine initiative. Cause-effect here is relational and missional, not merely transactional.

Case study 3: Prison prayers with different textures (Acts 12 and 16)

In Acts 12, the church prays earnestly outside the prison while Peter is guarded inside; an angel leads him out. In Acts 16, the imprisoned missionaries themselves pray and sing; an earthquake opens doors and a jailer is converted. Shared outcome category: deliverance/mission breakthrough. Distinct texture: intercession by others versus praise by the sufferers. Teachers who flatten both into one “prison prayer formula” erase Luke’s deliberate variety.

Example 1: Why chain reading matters

Scenario: A small group studies only Acts 4:23–31.

Isolated reading: Threatened church prays; God emboldens Chain reading: Same church already lived in prayer before the threat Added insight: Courage petitions grow from devoted culture, not panic alone

Example 2: Why texture reading matters

Scenario: Compare Acts 12 and Acts 16 in one sitting.

Acts 12 primary actors at prayer: church community Acts 16 primary actors at prayer: Paul and Silas Shared: confinement + divine intervention + gospel advance Distinct: earnest corporate petition vs imprisoned praise hymns

References:

  • Acts 1–4 — beginnings prayer chain
  • Acts 10 — parallel prayer inclusion chain
  • Acts 12; 16 — prison prayer pair

Taken together, these three chains show why inventory coding must stay flexible. Prayer in Acts can be habitual or crisis-driven, corporate or personal, petitionary or doxological. What remains stable is Luke’s insistence that the advancing church stays dependent. Mission does not outgrow prayer; mission is narrated as prayer’s companion from Jerusalem toward Rome.

Conclusion

The major prayer scenes in Acts form one of the most instructive cause-and-effect collections in Scripture. When each scene is coded by who prayed, why they prayed, what they prayed, and what happened next, Luke’s narrative displays a praying church at the center of gospel advance.

The strongest overall pattern is not a single miraculous technique. It is consistent dependence joined to courageous mission. Prayer in Acts accompanies waiting, threatened witness, healing, sending, imprisonment, and inclusion—always as part of the story’s motion toward the ends of the earth.

If you continue this research on your own, keep a notebook with the five walkthrough questions and build your own inventory from Acts 1 through 28. Compare your coding with the catalog above. Where you disagree, let the disagreement drive you back into the passage. That habit—text first, categories second—is the heart of careful Bible study: extensive, original, accountable to Scripture, and useful to real readers.

Complete reference list:

  • The Holy Bible, Acts of the Apostles (prayer scenes and summaries throughout)
  • Acts 1:14; 2:42; 6:4 — prayer as devotion and priority
  • Acts 4:23–31; 12:1–17; 13:1–3; 16:13–34 — representative hinge scenes
  • Acts 7:54–60; 9:1–19; 10:1–48; 28:7–10 — martyrdom, conversion, inclusion, healing prayers
  • Narrative coding method: who / occasion / content type / immediate outcome

Disclaimer: Inventories of “every prayer” in Acts differ depending on whether teachers include summaries, blessings, brief kneelings, and calling-on-the-Lord references. This article offers a transparent research framework for major narrated scenes, not a claim that one numbering system alone is possible.